Newt Gingrich: Big Spender

Dec. 15, 2011 -- Republican presidential hopeful Newt Gingrich likes to tout his record for restraining government spending, but funding for good, old-fashioned, pork-barrel projects exploded while he was speaker of the House.

ABC News has taken a look back at Gingrich's record on the issue of so-called earmarks -- a common congressional practice of inserting taxpayer money for special projects into big appropriations bills -- and found a startling spike under Gingrich's leadership as speaker. Not only did earmark spending in Congress increase between 1994 and 1998, when he departed, the overall dollar amount roughly doubled.

In 1994, Congress inserted 1,318 earmarks into federal spending bills, costing taxpayers $7.8 billion, according to Citizens Against Government Waste. Total spending on earmarks peaked three years later to a whopping $14.5 billion. By 1998, Gingrich's last year as speaker, the total number of projects reached 2,143 at a cost of $13.2 billion.

"Speaker Gingrich set in motion the largest explosion of earmarks in the history of Congress," said Tom Schatz of Citizens Against Government Waste.

Outcry over the practice of earmarking led Congress in 2009 to require that all earmark requests, along with a justification, be posted on the sponsoring lawmaker's website when they are submitted to the Appropriations Committee for consideration.

The Memo: Pet Projects as Political Weapons

Behind the spending increase was a policy crafted by Gingrich himself. Several news reports from 1996 point to a memo he wrote on May 29, 1996, outlining a strategy to use earmark spending to shore up Republicans facing tough re-election campaigns.

The Gingrich memo, entitled "Proposed Principles for Analyzing Each Appropriations Bill," instructed the chairmen of House Appropriation subcommittees to consider several factors in spending bills.

Several news reports at the time, including a 1996 cover story in Congressional Quarterly, quoted the memo's questions to the chairmen from the speaker.

"Among them, 'Are there any Republican members who could be severely hurt by the bill or need a specific district item in the bill?'" Congressional Quarterly reported.

The Associated Press published a similar story the following month titled, "Republicans Using Control of Congress as Re-Election Weapon"

"Gingrich in a memo earlier this year [1996] directed that spending bills be crafted with an eye toward how they might help Republican incumbents," the AP reported.

University of Virginia professor James Savage, who has chronicled the history of earmarking in his book, "Funding Science in America," pointed out Gingrich's earmark strategy not only went against the spirit of his "Contract with America," and of Gingrich's "hero," President Ronald Reagan, but also institutionalized the practice in Congress.

"The significance of the memo is that it really opened the door for earmarking on a huge scale," Savage told ABC News. "With approval from higher echelon to use it as a tool for reelection, the size and scope of earmarking really exploded in 1980s and then continued to grow."

Fast forward to 2009, when Gingrich's organization, American Solutions for Winning the Future, put forth a 12-point economic recovery plan that suggested "eliminating Congressional earmarks and wasteful pork-barrel spending."