Mikhail Gorbachev, final leader of Soviet Union, dies at 91

Former Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev has died "after a serious and long illness," the Central Clinical Hospital reported on Tuesday.

He was 91 years old. A more specific cause of death was not immediately clear.

Gorbachev will be buried at Moscow's Novo-Dyevitchiye cemetery, next to his wife, Raisa, Russia's state-run news agency Tass reported.

Gorbachev was the last leader of the Soviet Union before it dissolved. He ruled as general secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1985 until 1991 and was the country's only president, a title he took in the waning months of his time in office.

Young and energetic, his rise in the '80s signaled a new spring for what was then one of the world's two superpowers. A political insider with a view to the outside, Gorbachev set into motion radical reforms -- that led to a series of unintended events.

Gorbachev was born in 1931, in the village of Privolnoye in southern Russia, to a peasant family living in a house with dirt floors. His family was directly affected by Josef Stalin's "Terror," with two of Gorbachev's grandfathers arrested and exiled. During World War II, their village was overrun by Nazi troops.

Gorbachev worked the land as a teenager, and was awarded with his father the Order of the Red Banner of Labor, one of the USSR's highest honors, for gathering a record harvest.

After university in Moscow, Gorbachev quickly became a young regional party boss. His energy attracted the attention of Yury Andropov, the powerful head of the KGB, who brought him back to Moscow as a protégé.

By then, the Soviet superpower was in trouble: the centrally planned economy was rotting and its lag behind Western countries was increasingly obvious.

The Soviet Union's gerontic leadership symbolized its decrepit condition. Appointed to the Politburo at 47, Gorbachev was almost two decades younger than his colleagues.

In 1985, Konstantin Chernenko died -- the third elderly leader to die in office in as many years -- and Gorbachev became general secretary, brushing aside a succession challenge.

"We cannot keep living like this," Gorbachev is said to have told his wife the night before his appointment.

He tore through the Iron Curtain between the USSR and the West by opening relations with the U.S., agreeing to a series of crucial summits soon after taking power.

"We have become closer, and we have come to know each other better," Gorbachev said in 1989, his -- and U.S. President Ronald Reagan -- New Years' address decorated with hopes of international cooperation and understanding. "Americans seem to be rediscovering the Soviet Union, and we are rediscovering America."

Gorbachev signed treaties to reduce the size of his country's nuclear arsenal and, in a well-received reversal in military policy, he withdrew troops from a nine-year war in Afghanistan.

In a meeting with Regan in 1988, Gorbachev signed the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty eliminating both countries' stock of intermediate and short-range land-based missiles that could carry nuclear warheads. It was the first treaty that abolished an entire class of weapons systems and established unprecedented protocols for observers from both nations to verify the destruction of its missiles.

Underscoring the invention of nuclear weapons as a "material symbol and expression of absolute military power," Gorbachev also underscored that mankind's survival and self-preservation came to the floor.

Domestically, Gorbachev had two trademarks: more transparency and freedom -- a policy known as glasnost -- and bold economic reform, or perestroika.

It was not, ultimately, a winning combination.

Glasnost brought a feeling of liberation and empowerment to the Soviet people and when his economic policies didn't work, they weren't afraid to express their disillusionment.

Gorbachev's vision was to legitimize communism by putting a democratic face on it. What he didn't seem to realize was that his people would start demanding the real thing.

Discontent spread like wildfire to the countries of the East bloc. And Gorbachev allowed the peaceful revolutions to happen. In 1989, the Berlin Wall came down.

Gorbachev was revered in the West for ending the Cold War. He was ridiculed and ultimately reviled by many at home for the collapse of the country and the bleak years that followed, in the '90s.

As the Soviet flag was lowered for the last time at the Kremlin in Moscow, Gorbachev had no choice but to resign.

"We live in a new world," he said in his farewell address. "The Cold War has ended, the arms race has stopped, as has the insane militarization which mutilated our economy, public psyche and morals. The threat of a world war has been removed. Once again, I want to stress that on my part everything was done during the transition period to preserve reliable control of the nuclear weapons."

"[Russia] has been freed politically and spiritually, and this is the most important decision that we yet to fully come to grips with," Gorbachev said as he resigned, "and we haven't because we haven't learned to use freedom yet."

Others benefitted far more from his changes than he did.

His political rival, Boris Yeltsin, rose out of the post-Soviet chaos. When Gorbachev ran against Yeltsin, he received less than 1% of the vote, a humiliating end to his political career.

But the Nobel Peace Prize winner -- so honored, the Nobel organization said, "for the leading role he played in the radical changes in East-West relations" -- remained a man of influence.

After his closest ally, wife Raisa, died in 1999, Gorbachev devoted himself to campaigning for environmental causes. And he continually called for a nuclear disarmament, warning in 2019 that renewed tension between Russia and the West was putting the world at "colossal" risk.

"As long as weapons of mass destruction exist, primarily nuclear weapons, the danger is colossal, irrespective of any political decisions that may be made," he told the BBC.

Five years after his resignation, Gorbachev published the book "Memoirs" -- which recounted his childhood, political rise and his fall as the Soviet Union's last leader.

"I am the principle witness and the principal person who bears responsibility for what happened," Gorbachev said of his decision to write, "and I believed it was important for me to explain my position about why I started reforms, why I came around to the view that reforms were necessary ... and how difficult the process was."

For his 85th birthday, in 2016, Gorbachev released a 700-page collection of memoirs, interviews and other documents about his life.

"The more I think about my life, the more I see that the biggest and most important events took place unexpectedly. Absolutely," he said at the time.

Tributes poured in Tuesday from world leaders after news of Gorbachev's death.

President Joe Biden issued a statement that said, in part, "Mikhail Gorbachev was a man of remarkable vision. When he came to power, the Cold War had gone on for nearly 40 years and communism for even longer, with devastating consequences. Few high-level Soviet officials had the courage to admit that things needed to change. As a member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, I saw him do that and more."

"These were the acts of a rare leader -- one with the imagination to see that a different future was possible and the courage to risk his entire career to achieve it," Biden said. "The result was a safer world and greater freedom for millions of people."

"I'm saddened to hear of the death of Gorbachev," British Prime Minister Boris Johnson tweeted. "I always admired the courage & integrity he showed in bringing the Cold War to a peaceful conclusion. In a time of Putin's aggression in Ukraine, his tireless commitment to opening up Soviet society remains an example to us all."

Former U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice called Gorbachev a "man who tried to deliver a better life for his people."

ABC News' Christine Theodorou contributed to this report.