7 climate change buzzwords you need to know to follow the 2020 campaigns

Democratic party leadership has cast a cloud over the idea of a separate debate focused on climate change but candidates are expected to shine a light on the topic throughout the campaign and have released a number of plans.

Here are some terms to help you follow the debate around climate change in the 2020 election.

Climate v. weather

One of the most important distinctions in the conversation around climate change is between climate and weather, especially as policymakers and analysts try to determine how the country should adapt to the possibility of changes in weather patterns or extreme weather events.

The temperature on a specific day can't necessarily be connected to climate change, for example, but the number of days in a year with above-average temperatures can because we know that human activities release greenhouse gases that accumulate in the atmosphere and capture heat. This is why "global warming" is used interchangeably with climate change in many cases.

Many experts prefer to use climate change, however, because it encompasses other consequences of rising temperatures including sea level rise, increased rainfall, and flooding.

Recent research has been able to determine that specific weather events like wildfires in California or the extreme rainfall in Hurricane Harvey were made worse because of the consequences of climate change but the connection can't always be determined in real time. Specific extreme weather events can't be attributed to climate change in real time but research has determined that some impacts of severe weather like more rainfall and storm surge exacerbated by sea level rise can be attributed to warmer average temperatures from climate change.

Greenhouse gases

Greenhouse gases trap heat in the atmosphere, including carbon dioxide, methane, ozone, and nitrous oxide. The gases are released largely through human activities like burning fossil fuels for energy.

Carbon dioxide is the most common greenhouse gas and accounted for almost 82 percent of emissions in 2017, according to EPA. The majority of that carbon dioxide comes from burning fossil fuels like coal and natural gas but gas-powered transportation and manufacturing also release a significant amount of emissions in the U.S.

Carbon dioxide, or CO2, is a naturally occurring gas that is also the most prevalent source of warming from human-caused emissions through burning fossil fuels, industrial production, and deforestation. CO2 is used as a reference point for greenhouse gases in part because it accumulates and remains in the atmosphere for thousands of years. Other greenhouse gases like methane can last less time in the atmosphere but capture more heat in that amount of time, meaning they have more potential to contribute to global warming.

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What is global warming?

The greenhouse effect occurs when Earth's atmosphere traps heat radiating out into space.

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Fossil fuel

The term fossil fuels refers to legacy sources of energy like coal, natural gas, and oil that release the most greenhouse gases and carbon dioxide when they're burned to create energy. Fossil fuels are formed by decayed organic matter like prehistoric animals and plants and have to be extracted and often processed to be converted to energy.

Because of the amount of greenhouse gases they contribute much of the conversation around climate change has been about how to eliminate or reduce reliance on fossil fuels or drastically reduce emissions from energy sources by transitioning more to renewable energy sources like wind or solar energy and electric cars. Some Democrats, including the Obama administration, have proposed strict penalties on fossil fuel-powered facilities and incentives to move cities, states, and individuals toward more renewable energy sources.

Another approach would include estimating the societal cost of releasing carbon dioxide and it's contribution to climate change and imposing a tax on facilities that release it.

Carbon neutral/Carbon free

Because of how much carbon dioxide contributes to climate change a lot of the conversation around policy is about how to reduce the amount we release into the atmosphere. There are a few different terms for how to achieve the goal of completely eliminating carbon dioxide emissions.

Carbon free or zero carbon means a city or state aims to completely eliminate sources of carbon like traditional power plants and replace them with sources that don't emit carbon dioxide, like wind or solar energy.

Carbon neutral, on the other hand, means a city or state would remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to essentially cancel out the amount being released. This can include using technology like carbon sequestration, that actively captures carbon dioxide and stores it to reduce or cancel out emissions.

Green New Deal

The Green New Deal is a congressional proposal for a framework of how the country should address climate change, including changes to the economy and infrastructure. The proposal is a resolution, not a bill, so even if it passed it wouldn't change any current policies and, contrary to some comments from its opponents, there isn't an official estimate of how much the policies it describes would cost.

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What is the Green New Deal?

Democrats Sen. Ed Markey and Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez proposed the platform as a way to combat climate change as a nation.

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Its sponsors, Rep. Alexandria Ocasio Cortez of New York and Sen. Ed Markey of Massachusetts, have said the proposal is an ambitious framework for the approach the country needs to make a difference on climate change.

The resolution's title refers to the New Deal under President Franklin Delano Roosevelt when he mobilized government resources to create jobs, workers protections, and reinvigorate the economy after the Great Depression. Similar to the focus on the economy in that era, many Democrats say the country needs to make climate change a priority and devote resources to make a lot of progress in a short amount of time.

The Green New Deal was voted down in the Senate in May but its introduction, strong support from progressive groups, and the strong pushback from conservatives amped up the debate about climate change on capitol hill, a topic that many lawmakers previously avoided.

Tipping point

The climate debate took on a new sense of urgency in the U.S. after a recent United Nations report warned that as temperatures continue to increase, there could be a point where some of the consequences of that warming become more difficult or impossible to reverse.

The report predicted that point global warming could reach 1.5 degrees Celsius between 2030 and 2052. At that amount of warming consequences like extreme heat, drought, and more extreme rainfall are expected to become more prevalent and more difficult to reverse even if greenhouse gas emissions decreased drastically.

That UN report recommended human-caused greenhouse gas emissions be cut in half by 2030 to prevent consequences like sea level rise and Arctic ice melt from becoming irreversible, which is why many of the candidates talk about what they will do in the next 10 or 11 years.

Many of the candidates also talk about the benchmark in 2050, which is when the Paris Climate Agreement intended to limit anticipated warming by reducing global greenhouse gas emissions. United Nations reports indicate the goals of that agreement are unlikely to be met even if the U.S. drastically reduced or eliminated emissions.