The Shroud of Turin Goes on Display

Aug 11, 2000 -- Enshrouded in mystery, the Shroud of Turin, one of the world’s most famous relics, goes on display Saturday for the longest time in history — 70 days in total.

There have been only four expositions of the shroud in the 20th century. It last went on display in 1998.

The Shroud, a piece of herringbone twilled linen cloth measuring 14.5 feet by 3.9 feet, is believed by many Roman Catholics to be the cloth in which Christ’s body was wrapped after his crucifixion. The Vatican, which now owns it, is not sure about its authenticity but regards it as a powerful aid to faith.

On its first day on display, about 9,000 youths will visit the shroud for prayers led by the Archbishop of Turin who is also custodian of the shroud, Monsignor Severino Poletto.

The next day Poletto will preside over a Mass celebrated with other bishops from the region, and more young Catholics will visit through the day. The young Catholics will largely comprise delegates and visitors for the World Youth Day ceremonies in Rome. The shroud will go on display for the general public on Aug. 26.

So far, 345,000 people from all over the world have reserved tickets to see it. The number of people visiting this year is expected to exceed the 2.5 million who came to see the shroud in 1998.

Imprint of a Man Crucified

Bearing the faint imprint of a man and the apparent signs of wound marks that correspond to those Christ sustained during his crucifixion, the shroud has been the focus of a great deal of debate over the centuries.

It has however, never officially been a relic for the Catholic Church. Pope John Paul II, who visited the shroud in 1998 for the second time, and prayed in silence in front of it for some time, called it “an icon of the suffering of the innocent of all time” and “an extraordinary witness to the suffering of Christ.”

On entering the Cathedral, however, he did first kneel and pray in front of the Eucharist where, he said, the faithful find “ the real, true and substantial presence of Christ” before kneeling in front of the shroud.

On that visit, he said no one can explain the shroud for now and that its authenticity was for scientists to decide.

‘Shroud Tourism’ Is Born

The history of the shroud can be fairly accurately traced since 1349. That was when a French nobleman, Geoffrey de Charny (or Charney), wrote to Pope Clement VI telling him he intended to build a church in the small French town Lirey and to display the shroud there.

But the first public display came around 1355. News of the “miraculous shroud” spread rapidly, special souvenir medallions were struck and shroud tourism was born.

In 1356, de Charney died fighting the English at the Battle of Poitiers. His wife Jeanne de Vergy and her son Geoffrey II inherited the Shroud — and a whole lot of trouble.

The local Bishop of Troyes, Henry of Poitiers, who did not look kindly upon the growing popularity of the relic, ordered the shroud to be destroyed.

De Vergy hastily reclaimed and hid it. When the Bishop died, it went on display again. His successor, Bishop Pierre d’Arcis carried on the fight to have the shroud removed.

In 1389, King Charles VI of France sent in a bailiff to confiscate it. The dean of the church however said he couldn’t find the key. Bishop d’Arcis then appealed to Clement VII, a claimant to the Holy See who was known as the “antipope”. Clemens wrote back sharply, ordering the bishop to keep silent on the shroud on penalty of excommunication.

In 1457, Geoffrey II’s daughter Margaret was excommunicated when she refused to bring the shroud back to Lirey. She sold it to Duke Louis of Savoy, the son of Pope Felix V, in return for two castles and grants for the church at Lirey.

The Savoy family carted the shroud around in their luggage for the next century, until it was given a permanent home in the Sainte Chapelle in Chambery.

Fatal Fires

On Dec. 4, 1532, a fire broke out and a blacksmith risked his life to break the locks holding the casket. By the time he retrieved it though, the silver casket was melted beyond repair — but the shroud inside was intact except for some scorching and a hole burnt by a drop of molten silver. Poor Clare nuns from France restored it.

In 1578, the shroud was finally transferred by the Savoys to the Chapel of the Holy Shroud in the Cathedral of St. John the Baptist in Turin, where it has been almost ever since.

For years, a succession of popes and anti-popes insisted that references to the shroud be accompanied by the proviso that it was not considered to be authentic. As centuries passed, this was allowed to slip.

In 1898, the then-young state of Italy decided to celebrate the 50th anniversary of its creation by putting the shroud on display. An amateur photographer, Secondo Pia, was allowed to photograph it for the first time.

The 20th century brought its own share of perils. During World War I, the shroud was locked in a secret vault two floors below Turin’s Royal Palace, wrapped in a thick asbestos blanket, in a simple tin casket.

World War II saw it smuggled out to the Benedictine Abbey of Montevergine, near Naples. By the time it returned, the monarchy had fallen and the Royal Palace, of which the Chapel is part, was state property.

ABCNEWS' Sue Masterman and Phoebe Natanson contributed to this report.