Poll: Campaign Ends With One-Point Race
Nov. 1, 2004 -- -- A single point in voter preferences separates President Bush and Sen. John Kerry, putting the keys to the 2004 election in the hands of last-minute moveable voters, get-out-the-vote drives on the ground and the vagaries of the electoral college.
Bush has 49 percent support from likely voters, Kerry 48 percent, with 2 percent undecided and 1 percent for Ralph Nader. Results are steady whether based on a three-, four- or five-day average of interviews; indeed they're within a point of the average, 49 percent to 47 percent, across a full month of daily tracking polls by ABC News.
Within this virtual dead heat are signs of hope and despair for both sides. Kerry's ahead, 51 percent to 44 percent, among independents, one of the two swing groups that have gone with the winner in the past six elections; and it's 49 percent to 47 percent among the other, white Catholics.
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Sampling, data collection and tabulation for this poll were done by TNS.
But Kerry's also relying heavily on young and first-time voters, two groups whose attention is less focused and whose turnout is less certain; if they don't show up, he's in trouble. Bush does better among repeat voters, and he's six points stronger in his base, winning 91 percent of Republicans compared with Kerry's 85 percent of Democrats.
Moveable voters, the 7 percent who're undecided or say they may yet change their minds, break 43 percent to 33 percent in Kerry's direction. The number of moveables has dropped by half, from 14 percent, since the start of tracking. People who are still moveable at this late stage are very much a wildcard -- again, if they turn out.
Union pull may also matter. Voters from union households make up a smaller-than-usual share of the electorate in this poll; in a high-turnout contest overall, the union share may drop as a percentage of the total. But a higher-than-anticipated union turnout helped Al Gore in 2000, and could help Kerry tomorrow; he's winning union-household voters by 61 percent to 35 percent, very similar to Gore's margin four years ago.
 New Voters | ||
| Bush | Kerry | |
| First-Time Voters | 36% | 61 |
| Repeat Voters | 50 | 46 |
| | ||
Interest
Attention to the race is vast: Ninety percent of registered voters are following it, and 59 percent are following it "very closely." That's 15 points higher than just before the 2000 election -- an additional 25 million people closely tuned in.
Americans also are five points more likely this year to say they're registered to vote -- small in percentage terms, but representing perhaps 10 million new registrants. A key question, again, is how many new registrants close the deal and actually vote.
Attention to the race raises some questions for Kerry. Moveable, first-time and young voters are all comparatively lower-interest groups -- and less engagement may dampen their turnout. Moveables are 21 points less likely to be following the race very closely than those who've definitely made up their minds; young voters, 14 points less likely than their elders; and first-time voters, 13 points less likely than repeat voters.
Following the Race 'Very Closely' | ||
| Movables | 46% | 46% |
| Definates | 67 | |
| Age 18-29 | 53 | |
| Age 30+ | 67 | |
| First-Time Voters | 53 | |
| Repeat Voters | 66 | |
| | ||
Early Voters
Election Day turnout is also key for Kerry because Bush has a slight edge among people who've already voted. Fifteen percent of "likely" voters in fact say they've already cast their ballots, dividing 53 percent to 45 percent Bush-Kerry. That compares with a dead-even 48 percent to 48 percent race among the rest.
As noted in previous reports, early voters are twice as likely to be retirement age, and they include a disproportionate number of Westerners and slightly more Republicans.
Issues
The contest is not just close, it's rich with compelling and competing issues that sharply divide the electorate. The campaign ends with an evenly matched triad of most-important issues: Twenty-two percent of likely voters say it's the war in Iraq, 21 percent the economy and 20 percent terrorism.
Despite his best effort, Bush has been unable to keep terrorism higher on the list; it peaked at 28 percent in early September, after his convention. But neither could Kerry keep the economy paramount; it peaked as the top concern at 31 percent in late August.
These priorities matter: Bush clearly would benefit if terrorism were as high in importance today as it was in early September; among those who call it the most important issue, 90 percent support him. And Kerry would gain if the economy or Iraq were higher; he wins about two-thirds of likely voters who cite either of those as their top issue.
Kerry also has sizable leads among voters who say health care or education matters most to them. But another group -- those who cite some other main concern -- has grown through the fall campaign, from 9 percent of likely voters to 21 percent today. And these "other issue" voters favor Bush by nearly 2-1, 62 percent to 33 percent.
While they cite a range of concerns, many "other issue" voters mention the candidates' personal attributes, or a religious or moral issue. Compared with other likely voters, they're 15 points more apt to be conservatives, nine points more apt to be Republicans and seven points more apt to be evangelical white Protestants, all core Bush groups.
Finally on the issues, among all likely voters -- not just those who cite a single top issue -- Bush leads in trust to handle terrorism by 52 percent to 40 percent; that's tightened from a peak 59 percent to 34 percent Bush advantage in early September. Bush also leads by 50 percent to 41 percent among all likely voters in trust to handle the situation in Iraq, while on the economy it's a closer division; 48 percent prefer Kerry, 45 percent Bush.
Trust to Handle Issues | ||
| Bush | Kerry | |
| Terrorism | 52% | 40 |
| Iraq | 50 | 41 |
| The Economy | 45 | 48 |
| | ||
Gender Gap
The gender gap is back, but it's not quite as broad as it was in 2000. Men favor Bush by 10 points, 53 percent to 43 percent, while women favor Kerry by seven points, 52 percent to 45 percent. In 2000, it was Bush +11 among men, Gore +11 among women.
One difference this year is greater interplay with marriage, apparently linked to higher concern about terrorism among married couples. Twenty-three percent of marrieds, men and women alike, cite terrorism as the No. 1 issue in their vote; that slips to 15 percent among singles.
Traditionally, married men are a strong Republican group; single women, core Democrats. In 2000 their opposites -- single men and married women -- divided evenly between Gore and Bush. This year, instead, Bush is winning married women by 53 percent to 44 percent, while Kerry is winning single men, by 56 percent to 41 percent.
Other groups are dividing among customary lines. Kerry leads by 86 percent to 10 percent among blacks, one of the core Democratic groups, and by 63 percent to 36 percent among Hispanics. Evangelical white Protestants, core Republicans, split 76 percent to 22 percent for Bush.
Party
As noted, Bush is doing better in his base, with 91 percent support from Republicans, and pulling 13 percent of Democrats from Kerry; Kerry gets 8 percent of Republicans. Poaching from the other side may be somewhat easier for Bush because there are three times as many conservative Democrats as there are liberal Republicans.
It's not solely about partisanship -- a key difference between now and 2000 is that Kerry leads among independents in this poll, while in 2000 they split 47 percent to 45 percent, Bush-Gore. But the partisan makeup of tomorrow's electorate still is likely to be a critical factor. Democrats outnumbered Republicans by three or four points in each of the last four presidential elections, and the ratio translates directly to votes.
Whatever the result, this close election -- like the last -- could well be a sign of things to come. ABC News polls over the last 23 years have shown a gradual but unmistakable closing of the partisan gap; among all Americans, where there once were steadily more Democrats than Republicans in this country, there are now about equal numbers of both. That could be reflected in Election Day turnout; in any case, the slow trend suggests a close division in partisanship -- and thus in national elections -- for years to come.
History
Finally, the election promises to be historic in any number of ways, but here are two: No president since Harry Truman with a job approval rating under 50 percent the summer before the election has been re-elected; Bush was at 47 percent in June, and right on the bubble, 50 percent, in a tracking result two weeks ago.
At the same time, no incumbent running for re-election since 1956 has lost when consumer confidence was above its long-term average; and confidence today, while hardly brimming, is above average.
Therefore this either will mark the first time since Truman that a less-than-popular president has been re-elected; or the first time since Eisenhower that an incumbent's been thrown out when consumer confidence was better than usual. No such precedent is predictive -- and one of these will not survive the 2004 election.
Methodology
This poll was conducted by telephone Oct. 28-31 among a random national sample of 4,009 adults, including 3,511 registered voters and 2,904 likely voters. The results have a two-point error margin for the likely voter sample. Sampling, data collection and tabulation was done by TNS of Horsham, Pa.
Click here for PDF version with full questionnaire and results.
See previous analyses in our Poll Vault.
Sampling, data collection and tabulation for this poll were done by TNS.
But Kerry's also relying heavily on young and first-time voters, two groups whose attention is less focused and whose turnout is less certain; if they don't show up, he's in trouble. Bush does better among repeat voters, and he's six points stronger in his base, winning 91 percent of Republicans compared with Kerry's 85 percent of Democrats.
Moveable voters, the 7 percent who're undecided or say they may yet change their minds, break 43 percent to 33 percent in Kerry's direction. The number of moveables has dropped by half, from 14 percent, since the start of tracking. People who are still moveable at this late stage are very much a wildcard -- again, if they turn out.
Union pull may also matter. Voters from union households make up a smaller-than-usual share of the electorate in this poll; in a high-turnout contest overall, the union share may drop as a percentage of the total. But a higher-than-anticipated union turnout helped Al Gore in 2000, and could help Kerry tomorrow; he's winning union-household voters by 61 percent to 35 percent, very similar to Gore's margin four years ago.
New Voters | ||
| Bush | Kerry | |
| First-Time Voters | 36% | 61 |
| Repeat Voters | 50 | 46 |
| | ||
Interest
Attention to the race is vast: Ninety percent of registered voters are following it, and 59 percent are following it "very closely." That's 15 points higher than just before the 2000 election -- an additional 25 million people closely tuned in.
Americans also are five points more likely this year to say they're registered to vote -- small in percentage terms, but representing perhaps 10 million new registrants. A key question, again, is how many new registrants close the deal and actually vote.
Attention to the race raises some questions for Kerry. Moveable, first-time and young voters are all comparatively lower-interest groups -- and less engagement may dampen their turnout. Moveables are 21 points less likely to be following the race very closely than those who've definitely made up their minds; young voters, 14 points less likely than their elders; and first-time voters, 13 points less likely than repeat voters.
Following the Race 'Very Closely' | ||
| Movables | 46% | 46% |
| Definates | 67 | |
| Age 18-29 | 53 | |
| Age 30+ | 67 | |
| First-Time Voters | 53 | |
| Repeat Voters | 66 | |
| | ||
Early Voters
Election Day turnout is also key for Kerry because Bush has a slight edge among people who've already voted. Fifteen percent of "likely" voters in fact say they've already cast their ballots, dividing 53 percent to 45 percent Bush-Kerry. That compares with a dead-even 48 percent to 48 percent race among the rest.
As noted in previous reports, early voters are twice as likely to be retirement age, and they include a disproportionate number of Westerners and slightly more Republicans.
Issues
The contest is not just close, it's rich with compelling and competing issues that sharply divide the electorate. The campaign ends with an evenly matched triad of most-important issues: Twenty-two percent of likely voters say it's the war in Iraq, 21 percent the economy and 20 percent terrorism.
Despite his best effort, Bush has been unable to keep terrorism higher on the list; it peaked at 28 percent in early September, after his convention. But neither could Kerry keep the economy paramount; it peaked as the top concern at 31 percent in late August.
These priorities matter: Bush clearly would benefit if terrorism were as high in importance today as it was in early September; among those who call it the most important issue, 90 percent support him. And Kerry would gain if the economy or Iraq were higher; he wins about two-thirds of likely voters who cite either of those as their top issue.
Kerry also has sizable leads among voters who say health care or education matters most to them. But another group -- those who cite some other main concern -- has grown through the fall campaign, from 9 percent of likely voters to 21 percent today. And these "other issue" voters favor Bush by nearly 2-1, 62 percent to 33 percent.
While they cite a range of concerns, many "other issue" voters mention the candidates' personal attributes, or a religious or moral issue. Compared with other likely voters, they're 15 points more apt to be conservatives, nine points more apt to be Republicans and seven points more apt to be evangelical white Protestants, all core Bush groups.
Finally on the issues, among all likely voters -- not just those who cite a single top issue -- Bush leads in trust to handle terrorism by 52 percent to 40 percent; that's tightened from a peak 59 percent to 34 percent Bush advantage in early September. Bush also leads by 50 percent to 41 percent among all likely voters in trust to handle the situation in Iraq, while on the economy it's a closer division; 48 percent prefer Kerry, 45 percent Bush.
Trust to Handle Issues | ||
| Bush | Kerry | |
| Terrorism | 52% | 40 |
| Iraq | 50 | 41 |
| The Economy | 45 | 48 |
| | ||
Gender Gap
The gender gap is back, but it's not quite as broad as it was in 2000. Men favor Bush by 10 points, 53 percent to 43 percent, while women favor Kerry by seven points, 52 percent to 45 percent. In 2000, it was Bush +11 among men, Gore +11 among women.
One difference this year is greater interplay with marriage, apparently linked to higher concern about terrorism among married couples. Twenty-three percent of marrieds, men and women alike, cite terrorism as the No. 1 issue in their vote; that slips to 15 percent among singles.
Traditionally, married men are a strong Republican group; single women, core Democrats. In 2000 their opposites -- single men and married women -- divided evenly between Gore and Bush. This year, instead, Bush is winning married women by 53 percent to 44 percent, while Kerry is winning single men, by 56 percent to 41 percent.
Other groups are dividing among customary lines. Kerry leads by 86 percent to 10 percent among blacks, one of the core Democratic groups, and by 63 percent to 36 percent among Hispanics. Evangelical white Protestants, core Republicans, split 76 percent to 22 percent for Bush.
Party
As noted, Bush is doing better in his base, with 91 percent support from Republicans, and pulling 13 percent of Democrats from Kerry; Kerry gets 8 percent of Republicans. Poaching from the other side may be somewhat easier for Bush because there are three times as many conservative Democrats as there are liberal Republicans.
It's not solely about partisanship -- a key difference between now and 2000 is that Kerry leads among independents in this poll, while in 2000 they split 47 percent to 45 percent, Bush-Gore. But the partisan makeup of tomorrow's electorate still is likely to be a critical factor. Democrats outnumbered Republicans by three or four points in each of the last four presidential elections, and the ratio translates directly to votes.
Whatever the result, this close election -- like the last -- could well be a sign of things to come. ABC News polls over the last 23 years have shown a gradual but unmistakable closing of the partisan gap; among all Americans, where there once were steadily more Democrats than Republicans in this country, there are now about equal numbers of both. That could be reflected in Election Day turnout; in any case, the slow trend suggests a close division in partisanship -- and thus in national elections -- for years to come.
History
Finally, the election promises to be historic in any number of ways, but here are two: No president since Harry Truman with a job approval rating under 50 percent the summer before the election has been re-elected; Bush was at 47 percent in June, and right on the bubble, 50 percent, in a tracking result two weeks ago.
At the same time, no incumbent running for re-election since 1956 has lost when consumer confidence was above its long-term average; and confidence today, while hardly brimming, is above average.
Therefore this either will mark the first time since Truman that a less-than-popular president has been re-elected; or the first time since Eisenhower that an incumbent's been thrown out when consumer confidence was better than usual. No such precedent is predictive -- and one of these will not survive the 2004 election.
Methodology
This poll was conducted by telephone Oct. 28-31 among a random national sample of 4,009 adults, including 3,511 registered voters and 2,904 likely voters. The results have a two-point error margin for the likely voter sample. Sampling, data collection and tabulation was done by TNS of Horsham, Pa.
Click here for PDF version with full questionnaire and results.
See previous analyses in our Poll Vault.
Following the Race 'Very Closely' | ||
| Movables | 46% | 46% |
| Definates | 67 | |
| Age 18-29 | 53 | |
| Age 30+ | 67 | |
| First-Time Voters | 53 | |
| Repeat Voters | 66 | |
| | ||
Early Voters
Election Day turnout is also key for Kerry because Bush has a slight edge among people who've already voted. Fifteen percent of "likely" voters in fact say they've already cast their ballots, dividing 53 percent to 45 percent Bush-Kerry. That compares with a dead-even 48 percent to 48 percent race among the rest.
As noted in previous reports, early voters are twice as likely to be retirement age, and they include a disproportionate number of Westerners and slightly more Republicans.
Issues
The contest is not just close, it's rich with compelling and competing issues that sharply divide the electorate. The campaign ends with an evenly matched triad of most-important issues: Twenty-two percent of likely voters say it's the war in Iraq, 21 percent the economy and 20 percent terrorism.
Despite his best effort, Bush has been unable to keep terrorism higher on the list; it peaked at 28 percent in early September, after his convention. But neither could Kerry keep the economy paramount; it peaked as the top concern at 31 percent in late August.
These priorities matter: Bush clearly would benefit if terrorism were as high in importance today as it was in early September; among those who call it the most important issue, 90 percent support him. And Kerry would gain if the economy or Iraq were higher; he wins about two-thirds of likely voters who cite either of those as their top issue.
Kerry also has sizable leads among voters who say health care or education matters most to them. But another group -- those who cite some other main concern -- has grown through the fall campaign, from 9 percent of likely voters to 21 percent today. And these "other issue" voters favor Bush by nearly 2-1, 62 percent to 33 percent.
While they cite a range of concerns, many "other issue" voters mention the candidates' personal attributes, or a religious or moral issue. Compared with other likely voters, they're 15 points more apt to be conservatives, nine points more apt to be Republicans and seven points more apt to be evangelical white Protestants, all core Bush groups.
Finally on the issues, among all likely voters -- not just those who cite a single top issue -- Bush leads in trust to handle terrorism by 52 percent to 40 percent; that's tightened from a peak 59 percent to 34 percent Bush advantage in early September. Bush also leads by 50 percent to 41 percent among all likely voters in trust to handle the situation in Iraq, while on the economy it's a closer division; 48 percent prefer Kerry, 45 percent Bush.
Trust to Handle Issues | ||
| Bush | Kerry | |
| Terrorism | 52% | 40 |
| Iraq | 50 | 41 |
| The Economy | 45 | 48 |
| | ||
Gender Gap
The gender gap is back, but it's not quite as broad as it was in 2000. Men favor Bush by 10 points, 53 percent to 43 percent, while women favor Kerry by seven points, 52 percent to 45 percent. In 2000, it was Bush +11 among men, Gore +11 among women.
One difference this year is greater interplay with marriage, apparently linked to higher concern about terrorism among married couples. Twenty-three percent of marrieds, men and women alike, cite terrorism as the No. 1 issue in their vote; that slips to 15 percent among singles.
Traditionally, married men are a strong Republican group; single women, core Democrats. In 2000 their opposites -- single men and married women -- divided evenly between Gore and Bush. This year, instead, Bush is winning married women by 53 percent to 44 percent, while Kerry is winning single men, by 56 percent to 41 percent.
Other groups are dividing among customary lines. Kerry leads by 86 percent to 10 percent among blacks, one of the core Democratic groups, and by 63 percent to 36 percent among Hispanics. Evangelical white Protestants, core Republicans, split 76 percent to 22 percent for Bush.
Party
As noted, Bush is doing better in his base, with 91 percent support from Republicans, and pulling 13 percent of Democrats from Kerry; Kerry gets 8 percent of Republicans. Poaching from the other side may be somewhat easier for Bush because there are three times as many conservative Democrats as there are liberal Republicans.
It's not solely about partisanship -- a key difference between now and 2000 is that Kerry leads among independents in this poll, while in 2000 they split 47 percent to 45 percent, Bush-Gore. But the partisan makeup of tomorrow's electorate still is likely to be a critical factor. Democrats outnumbered Republicans by three or four points in each of the last four presidential elections, and the ratio translates directly to votes.
Whatever the result, this close election -- like the last -- could well be a sign of things to come. ABC News polls over the last 23 years have shown a gradual but unmistakable closing of the partisan gap; among all Americans, where there once were steadily more Democrats than Republicans in this country, there are now about equal numbers of both. That could be reflected in Election Day turnout; in any case, the slow trend suggests a close division in partisanship -- and thus in national elections -- for years to come.
History
Finally, the election promises to be historic in any number of ways, but here are two: No president since Harry Truman with a job approval rating under 50 percent the summer before the election has been re-elected; Bush was at 47 percent in June, and right on the bubble, 50 percent, in a tracking result two weeks ago.
At the same time, no incumbent running for re-election since 1956 has lost when consumer confidence was above its long-term average; and confidence today, while hardly brimming, is above average.
Therefore this either will mark the first time since Truman that a less-than-popular president has been re-elected; or the first time since Eisenhower that an incumbent's been thrown out when consumer confidence was better than usual. No such precedent is predictive -- and one of these will not survive the 2004 election.
Methodology
This poll was conducted by telephone Oct. 28-31 among a random national sample of 4,009 adults, including 3,511 registered voters and 2,904 likely voters. The results have a two-point error margin for the likely voter sample. Sampling, data collection and tabulation was done by TNS of Horsham, Pa.
Click here for PDF version with full questionnaire and results.
See previous analyses in our Poll Vault.
While they cite a range of concerns, many "other issue" voters mention the candidates' personal attributes, or a religious or moral issue. Compared with other likely voters, they're 15 points more apt to be conservatives, nine points more apt to be Republicans and seven points more apt to be evangelical white Protestants, all core Bush groups.
Finally on the issues, among all likely voters -- not just those who cite a single top issue -- Bush leads in trust to handle terrorism by 52 percent to 40 percent; that's tightened from a peak 59 percent to 34 percent Bush advantage in early September. Bush also leads by 50 percent to 41 percent among all likely voters in trust to handle the situation in Iraq, while on the economy it's a closer division; 48 percent prefer Kerry, 45 percent Bush.
Trust to Handle Issues | ||
| Bush | Kerry | |
| Terrorism | 52% | 40 |
| Iraq | 50 | 41 |
| The Economy | 45 | 48 |
| | ||
Gender Gap
The gender gap is back, but it's not quite as broad as it was in 2000. Men favor Bush by 10 points, 53 percent to 43 percent, while women favor Kerry by seven points, 52 percent to 45 percent. In 2000, it was Bush +11 among men, Gore +11 among women.
One difference this year is greater interplay with marriage, apparently linked to higher concern about terrorism among married couples. Twenty-three percent of marrieds, men and women alike, cite terrorism as the No. 1 issue in their vote; that slips to 15 percent among singles.
Traditionally, married men are a strong Republican group; single women, core Democrats. In 2000 their opposites -- single men and married women -- divided evenly between Gore and Bush. This year, instead, Bush is winning married women by 53 percent to 44 percent, while Kerry is winning single men, by 56 percent to 41 percent.
Other groups are dividing among customary lines. Kerry leads by 86 percent to 10 percent among blacks, one of the core Democratic groups, and by 63 percent to 36 percent among Hispanics. Evangelical white Protestants, core Republicans, split 76 percent to 22 percent for Bush.
Party
As noted, Bush is doing better in his base, with 91 percent support from Republicans, and pulling 13 percent of Democrats from Kerry; Kerry gets 8 percent of Republicans. Poaching from the other side may be somewhat easier for Bush because there are three times as many conservative Democrats as there are liberal Republicans.
It's not solely about partisanship -- a key difference between now and 2000 is that Kerry leads among independents in this poll, while in 2000 they split 47 percent to 45 percent, Bush-Gore. But the partisan makeup of tomorrow's electorate still is likely to be a critical factor. Democrats outnumbered Republicans by three or four points in each of the last four presidential elections, and the ratio translates directly to votes.
Whatever the result, this close election -- like the last -- could well be a sign of things to come. ABC News polls over the last 23 years have shown a gradual but unmistakable closing of the partisan gap; among all Americans, where there once were steadily more Democrats than Republicans in this country, there are now about equal numbers of both. That could be reflected in Election Day turnout; in any case, the slow trend suggests a close division in partisanship -- and thus in national elections -- for years to come.
History
Finally, the election promises to be historic in any number of ways, but here are two: No president since Harry Truman with a job approval rating under 50 percent the summer before the election has been re-elected; Bush was at 47 percent in June, and right on the bubble, 50 percent, in a tracking result two weeks ago.
At the same time, no incumbent running for re-election since 1956 has lost when consumer confidence was above its long-term average; and confidence today, while hardly brimming, is above average.
Therefore this either will mark the first time since Truman that a less-than-popular president has been re-elected; or the first time since Eisenhower that an incumbent's been thrown out when consumer confidence was better than usual. No such precedent is predictive -- and one of these will not survive the 2004 election.
Methodology
This poll was conducted by telephone Oct. 28-31 among a random national sample of 4,009 adults, including 3,511 registered voters and 2,904 likely voters. The results have a two-point error margin for the likely voter sample. Sampling, data collection and tabulation was done by TNS of Horsham, Pa.
Click here for PDF version with full questionnaire and results.
See previous analyses in our Poll Vault.
Party
As noted, Bush is doing better in his base, with 91 percent support from Republicans, and pulling 13 percent of Democrats from Kerry; Kerry gets 8 percent of Republicans. Poaching from the other side may be somewhat easier for Bush because there are three times as many conservative Democrats as there are liberal Republicans.
It's not solely about partisanship -- a key difference between now and 2000 is that Kerry leads among independents in this poll, while in 2000 they split 47 percent to 45 percent, Bush-Gore. But the partisan makeup of tomorrow's electorate still is likely to be a critical factor. Democrats outnumbered Republicans by three or four points in each of the last four presidential elections, and the ratio translates directly to votes.
Whatever the result, this close election -- like the last -- could well be a sign of things to come. ABC News polls over the last 23 years have shown a gradual but unmistakable closing of the partisan gap; among all Americans, where there once were steadily more Democrats than Republicans in this country, there are now about equal numbers of both. That could be reflected in Election Day turnout; in any case, the slow trend suggests a close division in partisanship -- and thus in national elections -- for years to come.
History
Finally, the election promises to be historic in any number of ways, but here are two: No president since Harry Truman with a job approval rating under 50 percent the summer before the election has been re-elected; Bush was at 47 percent in June, and right on the bubble, 50 percent, in a tracking result two weeks ago.
At the same time, no incumbent running for re-election since 1956 has lost when consumer confidence was above its long-term average; and confidence today, while hardly brimming, is above average.
Therefore this either will mark the first time since Truman that a less-than-popular president has been re-elected; or the first time since Eisenhower that an incumbent's been thrown out when consumer confidence was better than usual. No such precedent is predictive -- and one of these will not survive the 2004 election.
Methodology
This poll was conducted by telephone Oct. 28-31 among a random national sample of 4,009 adults, including 3,511 registered voters and 2,904 likely voters. The results have a two-point error margin for the likely voter sample. Sampling, data collection and tabulation was done by TNS of Horsham, Pa.
Click here for PDF version with full questionnaire and results.
See previous analyses in our Poll Vault.