New Fibers Can See, Hear, Speak
New fibers created by scientists at MIT can see, hear and even talk.
July 14, 2010— -- Clothing that can see, hear and even talk is being developed by scientists from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
By adding light- and sound-sensitive materials to synthetic fibers, the researchers are creating a new class of intelligent materials that could have a huge range of potential applications, from undetectable microphones to sophisticated medical sensors.
"Fibers are, for the most part, static," said Yoel Fink, a scientist at MIT and a co-author of the Nature Materials paper that describes the research.
Cotton, polyester, wool and other materials look good and feel comfortable, but that's about all they can do. They are, in other words, dumb. "We want to see how sophisticated a fiber can become to see how many different functions we can put into it," said Fink.
The key to Fink's fibers is a special manufacturing process that is remarkably similar to how saltwater taffy is made.
To create the sound-sensitive fibers the scientists first make a thick rod, or preform. Inside that preform are thick layers of graphite electrodes, a plastic piezoelectric commonly found in microphones and light-sensitive materials. The MIT scientists heat up the rod and stretch it into miles of nanometer-sized fibers with thin layers that, besides their size, are otherwise identical to the original preform.
Scientist Created Fiber That Can See
Here's the trick: Ordinarily, heating up these materials would cause them to mix, separating the layers and rendering the fibers useless. Fink and his colleagues have created a unique way to stretch those fibers without destroying the underlying architecture.
It's a simple tweak, but one that has enabled Fink to create an ever expanding class of fibers with new and unique abilities.
"He's certainly gotten a lot of mileage out of it," said Eli Yablonovitch, a scientist at the University of California, Berkeley, who reviewed the recent paper. "Yoel is a very creative guy, and this research is in line with that creativity."
Last year Fink and his colleagues used this technique to create fibers that can see. By incorporating piezoelectric materials into the fibers, he has created a fiber that can hear and speak as well as see.
Future Fabrics Could Monitor Blood Flow, Image Organs
The new research details the addition of a piezoelectric material, which creates an electrical current in response to pressure. When a sound wave hits Fink's new fiber, it bends and produces electricity. By measuring the electrical current, the MIT scientists can listen to sound and pressure waves, ranging from loud, megahertz sized waves to inaudible ultrasonic waves.
Fink's fibers can also work in reverse. When an electrical current is pumped into the piezoelectric fibers they create a similar range of sound and pressure waves.
"Ultimately, we want each part to function together," said Fink. "It's like moving from a circuit board to an integrated circuit, just in a fiber."
The range of applications for such an integrated fibers is huge.
Some are obvious: hidden microphones embedded in clothes or shirts that can change into loudspeakers when necessary. Other applications are more subtle. The narrow fibers could be threaded through blood vessels to monitor blood flow. They could image organs, like the lungs, that are otherwise difficult to see with ultrasound.
Right now the fibers require an external power source. That could soon change, said Fink. By tweaking the piezoelectric fibers to maximize power output when they are flexed, it could be possible to create a fabric that could power not only itself, but other electrical devices as well.
The U.S. Army has already tested the light-sensitive materials as a means of communications between soldiers, said Fink in an interview last year. (Fink's research is funded by DARPA at MIT's Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies.)
Niche markets like the military and medicine will most likely develop uses for the new fibers first, said Yablonovitch, followed by more civilian applications over the next 10 years.
"This is a trend that we will see more and more in the future: our clothes becoming very high-tech," said Yablonovitch. "But we also have to ask ourselves if all of our clothes need a plug."