A brief history of US missile defense systems

— -- The United States conducted a historic successful test of one of its missile defense systems yesterday.

According to the U.S. Missile Defense Agency, an intercontinental ballistic missile was "successfully intercepted" -- like hitting a bullet with a bullet -- during the first test of its Ground-based Midcourse Defense (GMD) system that targeted a long-range missile.

The ground-based interceptor was launched from the Vandenberg Air Force Base in California while the ICMD-target was launched from Kwajalein Atoll in the Pacific Ocean.

The GMD system is designed to counter a North Korean missile threat and is just one of many components in the U.S.’s larger missile defense system.

In the past, the U.S. has had several canceled programs or abandoned proposals aimed at building up the nation’s missile defense capabilities.

The first successful anti-ballistic missile

The Soviets in 1961 successfully launched an anti-ballistic missile (ABM) that intercepted a ballistic missile. The advancement by the Soviets caused the U.S. to test its own ABM system. In 1972, the U.S. and the Soviet Union signed the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (AMB Treaty), preventing both countries from building up their missile defense systems.

Strategic Defense Initiative - Reagan’s "Star Wars” proposal

In 1983, President Ronald Reagan sought to eliminate the threat of a large-scale nuclear attack with his proposal of the Strategic Defense Initiative, or SDI.

“What if free people could live secure in the knowledge that their security did not rest upon the threat of instant U.S. retaliation to deter a Soviet attack, that we could intercept and destroy strategic ballistic missiles before they reached our own soil or that of our allies?” President Reagan said in his March 23, 1983 address to the nation announcing his SDI proposal.

Critics dubbed it “Star Wars,” after the science-fiction movie, because the plan included the development of laser systems in space that would detect and shoot down incoming ballistic missiles.

The SDI was eventually scaled back by Reagan’s successor, George H. W. Bush.

The airborne laser

One idea to shoot down incoming missiles from the sky included strapping lasers to an airplane, dubbed the airborne laser. The concept behind the plane’s development was that the laser would be able to target a ballistic missile while it was in the boost phase shortly after lift-off.

In 1996, the Pentagon pushed for the development of an airborne laser weapon system. The result was a modified Boeing 747 with tracking lasers and a chemical oxygen iodine laser (COIL). The Airborne Laser’s first flight was over Kansas in July 18, 2002 and, after a series of flight tests, the COIL laser was test-fired in September 2008.

According to the Arms Control Association, the major issue with the airborne laser was that it wasn’t powerful enough, had limited range, and made the 747 vulnerable to anti-aircraft missiles. The airborne laser’s shortcomings led Defense Secretary Robert Gates to cancel the program in 2010.

While the Boeing 747 was a no-go, the Pentagon is now envisioning drones with the capability to shoot down ballistic missiles.

Ground-based interceptors

In 2002, President George W. Bush withdrew the U.S. from the 1972 Antiballistic Missile Treaty, saying he believed the U.S. should build up its missile defense system in the wake of September 11th.

In 2004, the first GMD interceptors were placed at Fort Greely in Alaska. There are now 32 ground-based interceptors at Fort Greely and four others at Vandenberg Air Force Base in California.

The Missile Defense Agency plans to increase the total number of interceptors to 44 by the end of 2017.