Scientists Reveal Mystery of Bumpy Ride
Why are some bumpy as washboards? Think of waves on a lake.
WASHINGTON, April 9, 2009 — -- Exquisitely engineered superhighways allow cars to fly along smoothly at high speeds, but many of the world's roads are surfaced with gravel that develops washboard patterns of periodic bumps.
This car-jarring phenomenon not only makes for an unpleasant ride but can be a safety problem, causing car wheels to lose contact with the road. Now, at long last, scientists have figured out why a smooth gravel road goes bumpy.
A group of scientists from France, England, and Canada performed a battery of tests to determine why any road covered with loose material, such as sand or gravel or snow, develops ripples. They set up anartificial road consisting of a suspended wheel allowed to travel around a rotating road surface.
No matter what the material covering the surface -- the researchers even used rice -- washboard bumps appeared after the test apparatus reached a certain combination of speed and wheel weight.
The scientists eliminated any suspension effects that would mimic the way a car can bounce up and down on its shock absorbers, but the bumps appeared anyway.
They even replaced a rolling wheel with a flat blade, and still a washboard pattern emerged.
University of Toronto scientist Stephen Morris and his colleagues concluded that the development of washboarding is very similar to skipping a stone across the surface of a lake. The wheel feels a combination of forces that cause it to both push off and dig into the surface.
This force combination causes the wheel to jump off the surface when it is going fast enough, creating the ripples. The difference between a skipping stone and a washboard is that the road surface "remembers" its position and does not, like a momentary water ripple, fall back into place.
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